Before beginning, it should be noted that when using the term “slavery,” it is a term that doesn’t exist in Islam and carries such heavy, evil connotations because one immediately thinks about what was seen in the West. Islam is no where near similar to what happened in the Western countries, and a more accurate term to use would be “captives of war” or “servant” or “right-hand possession.” In fact, if someone asked what the definition of slavery is, they would say a system where people are forced to work without any rights, compensation, freedom, or way to get out. However, if that is the definition of slavery, then there is absolutely no such thing as slavery in Islam and Muslims believe that such a system is evil and abhorrent and shouldn’t exist. Prophet Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) said, “Do not refer to anyone as ‘my slave,’ for all of you are the slaves of Allah. Rather, you should refer to him as ‘my young man.’ The servant should not refer to anyone as ‘my lord,’ but rather he should refer to him as ‘my master.’” (Sahih Muslim 2249)
Although what is noted above is enough for this argument, it is still worth mentioning that The Sharias rulings on how to obtain and treat captives of war, whether men or women, in general are the most humane out of any other civilization. First of all, the only way to obtain a right-hand possession in Islam is through war. Therefore, you can never make a free man or woman in Islam your captive, as scholars have said that the origin of a human is to be free, as Allah created our father Adam AS as a free man. It is also never based on race, sex, or ethnicity. Rather, captives can only be obtained through a full pledged war. If one just ponders over this ruling, one can see so much wisdom that comes from it. In Islam, there are different options after war, based on the needs of the community. For example:
The captives of wars can be let go, ransomed for money, killed (since they came to kill you too), exchanged for other prisoners, or taken as right-hand possession (for the females). Therefore, in Islam, in caters to such a system where after a war when there is so many losses from both sides, there is a way to regain what it has lost. This is why one can see that all premodern civilizations had to have captives; it was just a necessary aspect of life in order to survive. However, the vital difference that cannot be overlooked is that captives in Islam cannot be beaten, mutilated, killed, or prostituted. They have to eat what you eat, be clothed with what you cloth yourself with, not overworked, etc. This system is no where near close to what we know and think of when we hear about what happened in other societies. For example, if one did beat his or her captive, the Prophet Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) said that the expiation is to free that captive (Sahih Muslim 1657). It was narrated that one of the Prophet’s (Peace and Blessings be upon him) companions, ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan, tweaked the ear of a captive of his when he did something wrong, then he said to him after that: “Come and tweak my ear in retaliation.” The captive refused but he insisted, so he started to tweak it slightly, and he said to him: “Do it strongly, for I cannot bear the punishment on the Day of Resurrection.” The captive said: “Like that, O my master? The Day that you fear I fear also.” In Islam, captives are guaranteed food and clothing like that of their master’s. It was narrated that when ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf walked among his servants, no one could tell him apart from them, because he did not walk ahead of them, and he did not wear anything different from what they wore. It was also narrated that one day ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab passed by and saw some servants standing and not eating with their master. He got angry and said to their master: What is wrong with people who are selfish towards their servants? Then he called the servants and they ate with them. Moreover, servants could buy their freedom from their master, they have to be treated in a kind and just manner, and they even sometimes had precedence over free men in some matters where that servants excelled in a religious or worldly affair over the free men. Specifically, for female right-hand possessions, if she gives birth to her master’s baby, the baby is free. On top of that, she is also freed automatically when her master dies. These rules ensure that obtained servants in Islam would quickly be able to achieve their freedom, especially after one or two generations. Even in Islam, it is a honorable deed if someone freed a servant that they had out of their kindness, and this was encouraged for the Muslims to do. Contrast this to other societies in history that maintain a permanent, subjugated, and unjust class based on race or ethnicity, Islamic captives of war is not like that. This is why one can see, for example, the Mamluks, who were a ruling class of Muslim servants and the descendants of servants, were given such power and duties, some of who even reached the level of Sultan’s and Amir’s in the Muslim Caliphate.
To conclude, when one looks at the evidence, it is very clear that Islam would not only protect captives and honor their dignity, but it would also give them many ways to become free. On top of that, obtaining servants was imperative for a society’s survival and could only come through wars and not by the means of unjust racial discrimination. Allah is truly The All-Knowing, All-Wise.
And Allah Knows best.